定语从句的相关知识点归纳
定语从句的相关知识点归纳 1.定语从句： 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2.关系词： 引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有WHAT；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用： ①连接作用，引导定语从句。 ②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。 ③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。 注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。 3.定语： 定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 4、先行词： 被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。 关系代词引导的定语从句举例 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1、who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who做主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下： (1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） (2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2、Whose 用来指人或物 (只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替） (1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 (2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) color is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3、 which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如： (1) A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语） (2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语） 4、 as as 可以做主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时可以省略，指人或者物。 限定性定语从句 一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语） 1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：This is the book （which）you want.] 2而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 3. 代表物时多用which，但在下列情况中用that而不用which： a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时； b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略； c)先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时； d)先行词就是序数词或最高级时； e)先行词中既有人又有物时； f)整个句中前面已有which时； g)当先行词为物并作表语时。 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。 二、关系副词（在句中作状语） 关系副词=介词+关系代词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的.定语从句。 2. when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。 非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 4. 有时as也可用作关系代词 5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物，如果需要用why， 可用for which代替.； p.s: which引导非限定性定语从句其后不可省略成分，as可以 关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人在从句中做主语 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人. 2. whom指人 在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，基本可以通用。唯一区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以。） (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy(whom)I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩. (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人. 3. whose通常指人，也可指物 在定语从句中做定语。 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow 4.which指物 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔. 5. that指人时 相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning 介词定语从句 一、“介词+关系代词”的用法 当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，我们通常用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”，用“介词+whom”;如果指“物”，用“介词+which”。例如： Do you know the lady with whom our manager is talking in the office? Where is the supermarket in which you bought the laptop last week? 使用“介词+关系代词”要注意以下几点： (一)选用介词的依据： (1) 根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。例如： Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous. (2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成，不一定是短语)。例如： The old woman with whom you talked just now is a famous artist. (3) 根据句子的意思来选择。例如： The naughty boy made a hole in the wall through which he could see what is happening outside. (4) 表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。例如： I have about 20 books, half of which were written by Bing Xin, the famous writer. (二)在定语从句中，含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化)，如look after, look for等。例如： The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.(正) The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy.(误) (三)“of which / whom”有时可以用“whose+名词”结构来改写。例如： The building whose roof was damaged in the earthquake has been repaired. =The building of which the roof was damaged in the earthquake has been repaired. (四)当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时，通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略);如果定语从句中不缺少状语，则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。例如： All of us disliked the way(in which / that)Tom settled the maths problem. I don’t understand the way(that/which)the teacher explained to me. (五)in that不可以引导定语从句，但可以引导原因状语从句。例如： She didn’t attend the meeting in that / because she was seriously ill. 二、“介词+关系代词”与关系副词的转化 (1)当先行词表示地点，定语从句中缺少地点状语时，通常用关系副词where引导，此时也可选用表示地点的介词+which来代替关系副词where。例如： I visited the village where many children couldn’t go to school because of poverty. =I visited the village in which many children couldn’t go to school because of poverty. (2) 当先行词表示时间，定语从句中缺少时间状语时，通常用关系副词when引导，此时也可选用表示时间的介词+which来代替关系副词when。例如： We’d better fix a date when we will practice speaking English next week. =We’d better fix a date on which we will practice speaking English next week. (3) 当先行词为reason，定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时，通常用关系副词why引导，此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。例如： Can you tell me the reason why you were late for school? =Can you tell me the reason for which you were late for school？ 定语从句的关系词作用 一、定语从句中关系代词的作用和分类 1、关系代词的作用有三个： (1)连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把从句和主句连接起来; (2)替代作用：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词; (3)成分作用：关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。 2、关系代词的用法分类 (1)根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性; 关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据： (2)根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物; (3)根据它在从句中所充当的成分—主语、宾语、表语或定语。 在宾语从句中，关系代词的作用和分类是基础内容，所以同学们要想学好以后的内容，就必须先掌握好这部分内容。 二、定语从句关系代词有哪些 一 定语从句中关系代词的使用 ⒈ 如果修饰人,一般用关系代词who,whom,whose 或that.在定语从句中作主语的一般用who或that,作宾语的一般用whom,who或that,作定语并具有物主性质的用whose.（在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可省略） 如： ①I don’t like people who/that get angry easily. 我不喜欢容易发脾气的人. （ 关系代词who/ that在定语从句中作主语,不可省略） ②Here is the man (whom/ who/ that) you want to see. 这就是你想见的人. （ 关系代词whom/ who/ that在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略） ③Is there anyone in your class whose home is in the northeast? 你班上有谁家在东北的? （ 关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语,不能省略） 注意：用who 还是whom ,完全根据它们本身在定语从句中的地位和作用而定,与先行词在主句中的作用无关.尤其要注意在带有插入语的定语从句中who和whom的选用. 如： ①The person who sent the letter had to pay the postage. 寄信人要付邮资. （ who sent the letter是定语从句,修饰person,who在定语从句中作主语,因此用主格） ②He is a man who I believe is honest. 他是一个我认为诚实的人. （ I believe是插入语,去掉该插入语剩下的便是He is a man who is honest,在语法及句意上都能成立,who是定语从句中动词is的主语,故用主格,不用宾格whom.） ⒉ 如果修饰事物,用关系代词which 和that,作宾语时可省略.作介词宾语时,如果介词位于关系代词之前,则用which (不能省) ,而不用that（关系代词that既能代人,又能代物）.whose也可用来指物（此时可用of which来代替）,在定语从句中作定语. 如： ①Don’t buy tomatoes that/ which are green. 不要买颜色还是青的西红柿. ( that/ which 在定语从句中作主语,不能省) ②The fish (that/ which) they sell are not fresh. 他们卖的鱼不新鲜. （ that/ which 在定语从句中作宾语,可以省） ③The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. = The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. 门坏了的那个教室将很快修理. ④The tool with which he is working is called a saw. =The tool (that/ which) he is working is called a saw. 他干活用的那个工具叫叫锯. （介词with位于关系代词之前,须用which,不能省,也不能用that） 二 定语从句中关系副词的选用 ⒈ when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,有时也可用介词+which来代替。 如： I still remember the day when / on which I first came to Beijing. 我还记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景. She came at a time when we needed her most. 她是在我们需要她的时候来的. ⒉ where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,有时也可用介词+which来代替. 如： That is the house where/ in which he lived ten years ago. 那是他十年前住过的房子. I have found a peaceful place where/ in which we can study. 我找到了一个能学习的安静的地方. ⒊ why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,常可用for+ which来代替. 如： I know the reason why/ for which she was so angry. 我知道她为什么那么生气. Do you know the reason why/for which he came so late? 你知道他来得这么晚的原因吗? ◆应注意关系副词和关系代词在定语从句中的不同使用. 如： I’ll never forget the day when I went abroad myself. 我永远忘不了我独自出国的那一天. ( when在从句中代替时间状语on the day,我们可以把这个句子分解为I’ll never forget the day.I went abroad myself on the day.) We’ll never forget the days that we spent together. 我们永远也不会忘记我们在一起度过的那些日子. (that 代替the day,在句中作spent的宾语,that可以省略.该句可分解为We’ll never forget the days.We spent the days together.) 三 way 作先行词之后的定语从句 当“way”表示“方式、方法”在句中作先行词,后被一个定语从句修饰时,引导定语从句可用that ,也可用in which,或什么都不用。 如： I don’t like the way that he laughed at me. =I don’t like the way in which he laughed at me. =I don’t like the way he laughed at me. 我不喜欢他用那种方式来嘲笑我. 四 time 之后的定语从句 time作先行词,前面如有序数词和last修饰时,引导定语从句不能用when,只能用that 或两者都不用.但前面如无序数词或last,常用when(有时也用that)引导定语从句。 如： This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. 这是我最后一次给你们上课. The first time I saw Premier Zhou was in 1958. 我第一次见周总理是在1958年. I don’t know the exact time when the track and field meet will take place. 我不知道田径运动会举行的确切时间.
定语从句的用法归纳总结
如下：一、定于从句：定语从句是指用一个完整的句子做定语去修饰限定前面的名词或者代词，它属于后置定语。1、限制性定语从句不用逗号与主句隔开。例：I have a sister who is a doctor.（限制性定语从句）我有一个当医生的姐姐。2、非限制性定语从句需使用逗号和主句隔开。例：I have a sister, who is a doctor.（非限制性定语从句）我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。二、定语从句的关系词。引导定语从句的关系词分为：关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有：who, that,whom, whose, which等；在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系副词有：where,when,why等；在从句中作状语。三、定语从句中关系代词的用法。1、当先行词是人时：关系代词who和that既可以做主语，又可以作宾语，而且作宾语时可以省略。例如：Do you know the girl who/that often comes here?（作主语）2、其中whom只作宾语。例如：The girl who/that/whom I spoke to is my daughter.（作宾语）3、当先行词是物时：关系代词which和that既可以做主语，又可以作宾语，而且作宾语时可以省略。例如：The building which/that stands near the train station is a supermarket.（作主语）4、whose既可以指人，也可以指物；that既可以指人，也可以指物。例如：The book which/that you bought for me is very interesting.（作宾语）5、whose既可以指人，也可以指物；在从句中作定语，形式为“whose+名词”表所属关系，即谁的。例如：Do you know the singer whose name is Wang feng?I live in a house whose windows face south.四、定于从句中只用which不用that的情况：（1）which引导非限制性定语从句，that则不能。He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.（2）在介词提前的定语从句中，只用which不用that。This is the place in which Lu Xun used to live.先行词本身是that时，只能用which。What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?五、关系副词引导的定语从句。1、when指时间在定语从句中作时间状语也可做连接词用。I still remember the day when I first came to the school.2、where指地点在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the city where I was born.3、why指原因在定语从句中作原因状语，用在reason后面。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
定语从句语法讲解
一、 知识点梳理 充当定语修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，由一定的连接词引导，连接词称为关系代词(which,that,as,whom,who,whose)或关系副词(when,where,why) 1、 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 起对先行词进行限定、区分的作用。若去掉易产生歧义或使主句意义不明确。(此类定语从句前后没有逗号) 【eg】The dress that my mother bought for me is very beautiful. 我妈妈给我买的裙子很漂亮。 ⑵非限定性定语从句 与先行词之间的关系比较松散，只对先行词起说明和描述的作用。若省去，剩余部分意义仍然完整，表达清楚。(此类定语从句前后用逗号隔开) 【eg】Your writings , which everyone admires , are very marvelous. 你的作品人人欣赏，实在是太了不起了。 Shakespeare , whose plays are popular , was a great writer. 莎士比亚是个伟大的作家，他的剧作很受欢迎。 ⑶某些情况下，一个定语从句既可以作限定性定语从句，又可以作为非限定性定语从句，但二者含义有差别。 【eg】There are ten cars here which are made in China. 这里有十辆中国制造的车。 (这里可能还有其他的车) There are ten cars here , which are made in China. 这里有十辆车，它们都是中国制造的。 (这里只有十辆车) ⑷that和why一般不引导非限定性定语从句，其他引导限定性定语从句的关系代词和关系副词都可以引导非限定性定语从句。 ⑴限定性定语从句 【eg】My elder brother , who is an engineer , is working abroad. 我的'哥哥在国外工作，他是一个工程师。 Last year , I visited Quanzhou , which is a beautiful cityin Fujian Province. 去年我游览了泉州，它是福建省一个漂亮的城市。 ⑴which和that指物 ① which和that引导的限定性定语从句表事物，可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语。当他们在宾语从句中做宾语时，that和which常可以省略。 【eg】We must respect the custom here that has existed forhundreds of years. 我们必须尊重这里存在了数百年的习俗。 (做主语) This is the book (that / which) I want to buy. 这就是我想买的那本书。 (做buy的宾语) 多数情况下，that和which 可以通用。 ② 在下列几种情况下，引导定语从句的关系代词多用that，不用或少用which。 a 先行词前有形容词的最高级、序数词或the only , the very , the last等表绝对意义的词作修饰语。 【eg】This is the oldest tree that exists in the world. 这是世界上现存最老的一棵树。 The only thing ( that ) he is interested in is collecting stamps. 他唯一感兴趣的事就是集邮。 b 先行词为不定代词(anything , nothing , everything)或被little , few , much, any , no等修饰 【eg】All the songs ( that ) he sang are very popular here. 他唱的所有的歌在这儿都很流行。 Everything that should be done has been done.. 一切应该做的事情都已经做了。 若先行词是something，定语从句用 that 和 which 都可以。 c 先行词既包括人又包括物 【eg】They talked of people and things ( that ) they rememberedin England. 他们谈起了记忆中在英国的人和事。 d 当句中已有wh–疑问句，有时为了避免重复，用 that 引导定语从句而不用which。 ③ 在下列几种情况下，一般使用which引导定语从句而不用that. a 引导非限定性定语从句。 【eg】China , which is the third largest country in the world ,is playing an important part in the world affairs. 中国是世界上第三大国家，它在国际事务中起着重要的作用。 b that和which 在从句中作介词的宾语。 介词可以放在句末也可以提到关系代词前面。 介词放在句末时，关系代词可用that 和which ，也可省略。 介词提前到关系代词前时，只能用which 不能用that ，且which 不可省。 【eg】A bottle opener is a tool ( which / that ) bottles areopened with. =A bottle opener is a tool with which bottles are opened. 开瓶器是一种用来开启瓶子的工具。 c 当关系代词后面有插入语。 【eg】I have received the invitation to your wedding which ,as I have told you , made me very glad. 我已经收到你的婚礼请柬。这个邀请，正如我所告诉你的，使我感到万分荣幸。 d 若先行词是that，则用 which 引导定语从句。(that which的结构通常出现在谚语中) 【eg】That which is evil is soon learned. 坏事易学。 ④ 先行词是way时，引导定语从句的关系代词有三种形式:in which / that或不用引导词。 【eg】The way he speaks is unique. =The way that he speaks is unique. =The way in which he speaks is unique. 他说话的方式很奇特。 ⑵who,whom 和that指人。 ① who和that在从句中既可做主语又可做宾语 whom 在从句中只可用做宾语。 当who , whom和that在从句中做宾语时，可以省略。 【eg】Do you know the girl who / that is talking with John over there? 你认识在那边和John说话的那个女孩吗? The man (who / whom / that ) you have just talked with is our teacher. 刚才和你说话的那个是我们的老师。 ② who , whom , that在从句中都可作介词的宾语。 介词可位于句末也可提到关系代词前。 介词位于句末时，关系代词可用who , whom或that，也可省略。 介词提到关系代词前时，只能用whom不能用that和who，并且whom不可省。 (注意与2/⑴/③/b类比) 【eg】The man ( who / whom / that ) you have just talked withis our teacher. =The man with whom you have just talked is our teacher. 刚才和你说话的那个人是我们的老师。 ⑶ whose指人或指物，充当名词的修饰语，表示所属关系。 “whose+名词”=“名词+ of which”二者意思相同，可互换。 【eg】Look at the house whose windows are round. =Look at the house the windows of which are round. 看那座窗户是圆形的房子。 ⑷ as引导的定语从句 ① 先行词有such 或the same 修饰，或者在as/so as 的结构中，都可用as 做关系代词来引导限定性定语从句。 【eg】I want to buy the same pen as you are using. 我想买一支和你用的那支一样的笔。 He used such expressions as he could find in the texts. 他使用在课文中可以找到的那些词语。 当the same修饰先行词时，引导定语从句的关系代词既可以用as也可用that。 区别：that引导的定语从句表示它所表述的事物与先行词是同一个。 as既可以表示“同一个”又可以表示“同类”。 【eg】This is the same book that I have lost. 这就是我丢失的那本书。 This is the same book as I have lost. 这本书和我丢失的那本一模一样。 ② as引导非限定性定语从句。 as引导非限定性定语从句,修饰的是前面的整个句子。 which 也有这种用法,两者在大部分情况下可互换。 【eg】She has just cried , as / which I could see from her swollen eyes. 她刚刚哭过，我从她红肿的眼睛就可以看出。 As is known to all , China is the third largest country in the world. 众所周知，中国是世界上第三大繁荣国家。 which引导非限定性定语从句和引导的非限定性定语从句的区别： a which从句只能放在句末，而as从句可位于句首、句中、句末。 【eg】Mark Twain , as we all know , is a great writer. 众所周知，马克吐温是一位伟大的作家。 b 当主句是否定句时，as不能用 which 来替换。as从句所修饰的范围并不包括主句的否定意义。 【eg】Spiders are not insects , as many people think. 蜘蛛并非像许多人所想的那样是昆虫。 3、 关系副词when , where , why的使用 关系副词where , when , why在从句中分别做地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。他们经常可以用“介词+ which ”来替代 ⑴when可替换为 on / at / in / during + which , 在定语从句中做时间状语。 【eg】I still remember the day when / on which we first met. 我还记得我们初次见面的那一天。 Do you still remember the summer vacation when / duringwhich we visited a lot of places in Beijing? 你还记得我们在北京游览了很多地方的那个暑假吗? ⑵ where可替换为 at / in / to + which ，在定语从句中跟在表地点的名词后面做地点状语。 【eg】That is the school where / at which I used to study. 那就是我过去学习过的学校。 Think of a place where / to which we can go for a swim. 想一个我们可以去游泳的地方。 ⑶ why 可替换为for which ，引导先行词为reason的定语从句，表示原因。 【eg】This is the reason why / for which he was late. 这就是他迟到的原因。 ⑷ 关系副词when , where , why 引导定语从句时一般可用that替换，也可省略。 【eg】She is always busy working from the time ( when / that )she gets up in the morning till the time ( when / that ) she goes to bed. 她总是很忙，从早上起床一直到上床睡觉，她都在工作。 That is the place ( where / that ) I went before. 那就是我们从前去过的地方。 Do you know the reason ( why / that ) he left the company? 你知道他离开公司的原因吗? 二、 例题 1、( )The flood overflowed the riverbanks , ______ frequently happened in that area. A as it B which C it D such 2、( )This is the best novel ______ we have read in recent years. A which B that C as D so 3、( )All ______ is a large sum of money. A what is needed B that is needed C the thing needed D for their needs 4、( )Read the text a second time and you will probably know what the principle ______ a hovercraft works. A is on that B has on which C is on which D on which 5、( )The way ______ he gives his performances is appreciated by his fans. Which of the followings is wrong? A / B which C in which D that 6、( )My assistant , ______ carefully read through the instructions before doing the experiment , did not get satisfactory results. A who thought B even who C who had D who having 7、( )In the dark streets , there was not a single person ______ she could turn for help. A that B who C from whom D to whom 8、( )The neighbourhood factory , ______ workers are all women , turns out toys of fine quality. A there B which C whose D when 9、( )He is such an outstanding leader ______ is loved by the people throughout the country. A as B that C which D who 10、( )The can opener is easy to handle , ______ is shown in the picture. A as it B as C that D since 11、( )Everything was quite all right ______ one day ______ she got into trouble. A not until ; when B until ; before C not until ; before D until ; when 12、( )A fast food restaurant is the place ______ ,just as the name suggests , eating is performed quickly. A which B where C there D what 13、( )The plane was delayed , ______ was that the weather was terrible. A the reason why B the reason for it C the reason of it D the reason for which 14、( )Do not let the child who is ______ swim in rivers. A not old enough B too young to C not old enough to D young enough to 15、( )I think you have got to the point ______ ,a change is needed , otherwise you will fail. A when B that C where D which 三、巩固练习 1、( )Is this university ______ they paid a visit to last month? A which B where C the one D which you 2、( )I will never forget the days ______ we spent together in the village. A / B when C what D how 3、( ) ______ is mentioned above , the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing. A Which B As C That D It 4、( )I was late for school this morning because of the traffic jam ______ I was caught. A which B where C in which D when 5、( )Has everything ______ can be done ______ done? A / ; / B / ; been C that ; been D that ; be 6、( )Can you find me something ______ ? A to open the tin B that I can open the tin C I can open the tin with D by which to open the tin 7、( )Water dissolves a part of nearly everything ______ it comes in contact. A where B with which C that D as soon as 8、( )The size of the audience , ______ we had expected , was well over 500. A whom B that C who D as 9、( )The shop assistant I spoke ______ nothing. A to say B to said C said D tell 10、( )When the mid-term exam was over , I went fishing - ______ I had not done for weeks. A anything B everything C nothing D something 11、( )Tigers live in forests , ______ there are plenty of other animals for them to hunt for food. A when B if C as D where 12、( )I am going to buy the same bicycle ______ you are using now. A that B which C as D like 13、( )This is the same watch ______ I lost. A which B as C that D but 14、( )-How far apart do they live?______ I know ,they live in the same neighbourhood. A As long as B As far as C As well as D As often as 15、( )Yesterday I bought a Chinese painting ______ was very reasonable. A which price B the price of whichC its price D the price of whose key: 1~5 BBBCB 6~10 CDCAB 11~15 DBDAC 巩固1~5 CABCC 6~10 CBDBD 11~15 DCCBB
定语从句语法讲解
定语 定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词表示的）汉语中常用“……的”表示.主要由形容词担任,此外,名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语.短语、从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语.
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词.如“The man”、“The book”.如“那个穿着西装的人是我爸爸” 这就是一个定语从句.
代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分.关系代词在定语从句中作主词保持一致.1,who, whom, that 这些词代替指人,“whom”作宾语指人,"who"和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略）,可以指人也可以指物.在从句中所起作用如下：
（1）Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗?（who/that在从句中作主语）
（2）He is the man （whom/that） I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师.（whom在从句中作宾语）
注：who在定语从句中指人,作主语和宾语,作宾语时可省略；whom在定语从句中指人,做及物动词或介词的宾语,可省略.2,which、that 用来指物 (用作主语、宾语,作宾语时可以省略）,例如：
（1）The prosperity which/that had never appeared before took on in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣.（which/that在从句中作主语）
（2）The package (which/that) you are carryingis about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了.（which/that在从句中作宾语）
注：which在定语从句中指物,可作主语或及物动词或介词的宾语,作宾语时可省略；that在定语从句中既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略,指人时,相当于who或whom,指物时,相当于which,作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that前,当介词提前时,需要用which或whom来代替.[1]3.whose (只用作定语)
“whose”表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）的（东西）
关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语.
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,“which”代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语可省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,“which”在从省略.[eg：This is the book （which）you want.]
2. 不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语代词“wh”放在它原来的位置.
3. 代表物时多这时的that常被省略；
c）被形容词最高级修饰时；既有人又有物时；
e）整个句中前面已有“which”,“wh”行
关系副词：在句中作状语
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on which（介词同先行词搭配）
when=during/ on/ in/…… which（介词同先行词搭配）
1. “where”是关系代词,当然也不用“that”引导.
By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候,我们在那里已经待了两个星期.
I still remember the place where I met her for the first time. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方.
Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc. 他每次出差都带来了生活必需品,如毛巾,肥皂,牙刷等其他东西.
2. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用“there is”开头.
There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 这里有人要和你说话.
分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立.
编辑本段关系副词的用法及说明关系副词why 关系副词why主要用于修饰表示原因的名词（主要是the reason）,同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语.如：
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来.
She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因.
与关系副词when和where不同,why可以换成that或省略.如：
That’s one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一.
另外,与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样,why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句.如：
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒.
误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.
正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.关系副词when 关系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语.如：
There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了.
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了.
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期,那时天气可能会好一点.
注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词,就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语,就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用when,而要用that, which等.如：
Don’t forget the time (that, which) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间.
关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语,正因为是用作宾语,所以也可以省略.关系副词where 关系副词where主要用于修饰表示地点的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语.
与前面when的情况一样,注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词,就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语,就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用where,而要用that, which等
关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语.
另外注意,where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句.
一份整天坐办公桌前的工作.
非限制性定语从句 意义：
非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解.在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开,
3. 非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,
4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
5. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用于在从句中做主语
whom指人 注意：关系代词“whom”在口语和非正式语体中常用“who”代替,可省略.
如果在从句中做宾语,就用“whom”或“who”.
which 、that 通常指人也可指物 在定语从句中做定语,表所有.
“whose”指物时通常以以下结构来代替：
that指人时 相当于“who”或者“whom”；指物时,相当于“which”当前头有最高级序数词“all”不定代词时必须用“that”.
在定语从句中做主语、表语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略.
when指时间 在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用.
介词和关系代词 1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略.
2）“that”前“Do you”作介词的宾语,且可以省略.例如：
（1）The school（that/which）he once studied in is very famous.“that/which”可以省略.
= The school in which he once studied is very famous.“which”不可省略.
（2）Tomorrow I will bring here 用,如：look for, look after, take care of等.
T This is the watch which/that I am looking for.（T=正确）
F This is the watch for which I am looking.（F=错误）
2. 若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用“whom”,不可用“who”或者“that”；指物时用“which”,不能用“that”；关系代词是所有格时用“whose”
（1）The man with whom you talked is my friend.（T）
The man famous.
（2）I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.关系代词 关系代词（一般情况下）“that”可用在从句做主语,谓动词的宾语,但是不能做介词的宾语.
“which”指物,在从句句中作主语；
“whom”在从句中作宾语；
“why”在从句中修语,先行词通常是“the reason”；
有时“why”也可用“for+which”代替.
例：A doctor who looks after people's health.
主语 谓语 先行词 定语从句修饰先行词判断介词和关系代词 方法一： 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词.不及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语,则要求用关系代词.例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
判断改错:
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
例. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
,解析： 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语.而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A.
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、宾语时,选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；
先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词（“where”地点状语,“when”时间状语,“why”原因状语）.
编辑本段关系词的选择只用that不用which 1）当先行词是或被序数词,最高级,不定代词修饰时,关系词用that不用which.
2）当先行词既有人又有物时,用that.
3）当先行词带有the only,the very,the same,the last,the one等词时,用that不用which.
4）当主句中有who或which时,为避免重复用that.
5）当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时 只能用that只用who不用that 1）如果先行词是those,they,all,persons,people,he,anyone,one时用who不用that.
2）当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语从句或在被分割的定语从句中时.只用which不用that 1）当主句先行词后有介词时,用which.This the one of which I'm speaking.
2）非限定性定语从句,用which.
3) 描述句中一般用which.Beijing,which was China‘s capital for more than 800years.
4）those +复数名词之后,多用which .Shopkeeper want to keep a number of those goods which sell best.
5）先行词本身是that时.注意 1）there be句型中,指人用who指物用that.2）当主句中缺少主语或表语时,用the one.
2）当出现先行词+介词时,关系词只能用whom或which
编辑本段先行词和关系词 1）Whoever spits in public will be punished here.（“Whoever”可以用“anyone who”代替）
2）The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. （“what”可以用“all that”代替）
但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了,是名词性从句.因为定语从句一定要有先行词,而名词性从句没有.将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后,才是定语从句,先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”.An invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C.
此为非限定性从句,不能用“that”修饰,而用“which”、“it”和“he”都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接.况且选“he”句意不通.
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B
英语语法上行不通.
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B
“as”和“which”在引导非限宾语.但不同之处主要有两点：
（1）importance to me, as my own is.
在一定的语言环境里,有些名词可以具有形容词的性质.这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词.值得一提的是,在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后,引导定语从句的关系代词不能用“who / whom”.
（2）动词短语先行成分.
这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式.如果是动态动词短语,它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词“do”和“as / which”一起代替.“do”可以出现,也可以不出现,但不能用其它动词代替.
（3）句子作先行成分.
这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句.有时是连续几个句子,有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事.
二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置.
由于先行成分的构成成分”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：
1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容质的which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后.
2. 动词词短语作先行成分时,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后.但是,当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时,“as”特殊.
3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活,可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后.但如果先行成分是直接引语,“as”特殊定“s”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语,如natural, known to all, usual等.
4. 有无状语意要是方式状语意义,而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义.“as”特殊定四、关系代词“as”与“which”一词.如：
Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.
1). “Which”作主语时,谓语动词不限,主动被动皆可,只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词“be”省略.
2). “as”和“which”都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语.
3). “as”和“which”在特殊从句中作补语.如：
We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.
“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装,“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装.
如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语,关系代词用“which”而不用“as”.如：
He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.
5."as"用法：
1)."as"引导限制性定语从句
a."such.as"
He is not such a fool as he looks.
I have never heard such a story as he tells.
b."the same .as"
This is the same book as I lost last week.
(区分"the same...as"与"the same.that"：两者都引导定语从句.that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个.as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类,而非同一个.举例：①This is the same pen that I lost. 这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支.②This is the same pen as I lost. 这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样.)
c."as...as"
As many children as came were given some cakes.
2)."as"引导非限制性定语从句
常用句式:as is said above 综上所述
as is known to all 众所周知
as is often the case 通常如此
as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报道的
6. “which”在特殊从定法
（1）不用that的情况
（a）在引导非限定性定语从句时.
（错）The tree, which is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.
（b）介词后不能用.
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
（2）只能用“that”作为定语如“last,just”修饰时,只用“that”.
（d）先行词为序数词、数容词,又有物时.
（f）先行词指物,在主句中作是“the way”或“the reason”时,“that”可作关系副词,也可省略.
（h）主句的主语是疑问词“who /which”时,避免重复要用“that”．
举例：
Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?
这是你在图书馆借的书吗?
Who that break the window should be punished．
谁打碎了窗户谁该受罚.
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察.
定语从句只能“that”引导的情况：
1、先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰.
This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.
2、先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰.
The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.
3、先行词是不定代词时,如"all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、something"
This is the very goo
